A Selective History of Arctic Sea Ice Observations Part 1

1. 0:08Narrator: Humans have been living alongside, migrating over, frustrated by, and depending on Arctic sea ice
2. 0:17for thousands of years. But it was not until after we had landed
3. 0:21on the moon, six times, that we had a reliable picture of just how much ice
4. 0:25there was and how much it changed from season to season, and year to year.
5. 0:33Perhaps the first scientific account we have of sea ice is from the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia,
6. 0:37who sailed north around England and reported reaching a frozen ocean and
7. 0:41long summer days when the sun never set. Pre-Inuit people
8. 0:46lived and migrated on the ice, and Vikings kept records of sea ice observations as they explored and settled new lands.
9. 0:54Since then, many Scandinavian and Russian Pomor peoples have lived with sea ice,
10. 0:58and Inuit culture has been intimately tied to the ice for a thousand years.
11. 1:02In the Great Age of Exploration, seafarers like Corte-Real and Frobisher experienced or were thwarted by sea ice
12. 1:11as they searched for new passages across the North and riches to exploit.
13. 1:15And mapmakers like Mercator gave the sea ice pack its first rough outline.
14. 1:19In the 1700s Mikhail Lomonosov
15. 1:23distilled centuries of Russian seafarer’s observations into a groundbreaking analysis of the Arctic. More than a hundred years later,
16. 1:31Fridtjof Nansen intentionally froze his ship into the ice and drifted for three years, confirming large-scale circulation
17. 1:39of sea ice. In 1878, Adolf Erik Nordenskiold led the Vega expedition through the Northeast
18. 1:48Passage and in 1906 Roald Amundsen made the first transit of Northwest Passage, sneaking through the icepack in his ship
19. 1:56the Gjøa.In 1926, two days after Richard Evelyn Byrd attempted the Pole in a small aircraft,
20. 2:04the airship Norge carried Amundsen and his crew from Norway over the Pole to Alaska.
21. 2:12Soon after, a slew of scientific research camps migrated on the shifting ice, including 88 Soviet stations logging more than 100,000
22. 2:20total miles of drift, and the famous American T-3 camp on Fletcher’s ice island, which was maintained for 20 years.
23. 2:29And in 1958 the USS Nautilus traveled under the North Pole and the entire ice cap, beginning a new era
24. 2:37of submarine mapping of the rugged underside of the ice.
25. 2:41Murrow: This is Ed Murrow. And this the canopy of ice that covers the Arctic Ocean. The frozen barrier that throughout history
26. 2:49has barred shipping from a body of water five times the size of the Mediterranean sea.
27. 2:53Only once, shortly after the turn of the century, has Man reached the North Pole by a surface route.
28. 3:01No ship has ever reached the pole. Even the most powerful icebreakers are helpless against this frozen barrier.

Текст скрыт. Слушайте и старайтесь уловить общий смысл; щёлкните по размытой фразе, чтобы перейти к ней.